LL-37 (5MG)80.10

What Is LL-37 and Why Buy It for Research?

Buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland for research into innate immunity, antimicrobial host defense, and immunomodulatory pathways. Specifically, LL-37 is a synthetic 37-amino acid peptide and the sole human cathelicidin identified to date[reference:0]. It is a proteolytic fragment derived from the C-terminal region of the 18-kDa human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hCAP-18, which is expressed in epithelial cells, leukocytes, and various tissues throughout the body[reference:1][reference:2].

The peptide has the sequence Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser (LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES)[reference:3]. LL-37 has a molecular weight of approximately 4,493 g/mol and the molecular formula C₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃[reference:4]. The CAS number for LL-37 is 154947-66-7[reference:5][reference:6].

In scientific research, LL-37 serves as a molecular tool for studying innate immune responses, antimicrobial mechanisms, inflammation regulation, and tissue repair pathways. Furthermore, Core Peptides supplies LL-37 as a lyophilized powder in a 5mg format exclusively for laboratory use. Therefore, researchers seeking to source this compound for their work will find it readily available when they buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland.

LL-37 Research Overview: Buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland for Innate Immunity Studies

Centrally, research into LL-37 has focused on its function as the sole human cathelicidin and a multifunctional host defense peptide with broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties[reference:7]. LL-37 is a 37-residue amphipathic peptide that adopts an alpha-helical conformation in membrane-mimetic environments, enabling it to interact with and disrupt microbial membranes[reference:8].

LL-37 effectively combats over 38 bacteria, 16 fungi, and 16 viruses through various mechanisms, including membrane rupture, targeting, and biofilm suppression[reference:9]. These mechanisms involve cell wall destruction, membrane permeabilization, oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, adhesion prevention, gene modification, and disruption of viral envelopes[reference:10]. The peptide exhibits potent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria[reference:11].

Beyond its direct antimicrobial effects, LL-37 plays numerous roles in inflammatory and tissue remodeling processes[reference:12]. The peptide stimulates angiogenesis, induces proliferation of lung epithelial cells, accelerates wound closure of the airway epithelium, and provokes cytokine release (e.g., IL-8) and cell migration[reference:13]. LL-37 also neutralizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent pro-inflammatory endotoxin produced by Gram-negative bacteria[reference:14]. Accordingly, researchers who buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland from Core Peptides can support their investigations into innate immunity, antimicrobial mechanisms, and immunomodulatory pathways.

How Does LL-37 Work in Research?

Mechanistically, LL-37’s proposed action involves functioning as a multifunctional host defense peptide that exerts both direct antimicrobial effects and immunomodulatory activities through multiple signaling pathways. The peptide operates through several interconnected mechanisms.

Membrane Disruption and Antimicrobial Activity

LL-37 exerts direct antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria primarily via membrane disruption[reference:15]. The peptide forms toroidal pores in bacterial membranes, leading to cell lysis and death[reference:16]. LL-37 effectively combats over 38 bacteria, 16 fungi, and 16 viruses through mechanisms including membrane rupture, targeting, and biofilm suppression[reference:17]. Additionally, LL-37 prevents adhesion, modifies genes, and disrupts viral envelopes[reference:18].

LPS Neutralization and Anti-Endotoxin Activity

LL-37 neutralizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent pro-inflammatory endotoxin produced by Gram-negative bacteria[reference:19]. This LPS-neutralizing activity is critical for mitigating the inflammatory response associated with bacterial infections and endotoxemia. Studies have demonstrated that LL-37 protects animals against endotoxemia and sepsis[reference:20].

Immunomodulation and Cytokine Regulation

LL-37 modulates the innate immune response through multiple mechanisms. The peptide binds and inactivates bacterial endotoxins and promotes chemotaxis of immune cells[reference:21]. LL-37 interacts with plasma membrane receptors and mediates import of Ca²⁺[reference:22]. The peptide also modulates TLR-mediated inflammatory responses[reference:23] and induces NET formation in innate immune cells[reference:24].

Angiogenesis and Wound Healing

LL-37 stimulates angiogenesis and promotes wound healing through multiple pathways[reference:25]. The peptide induces proliferation of epithelial cells, accelerates wound closure, and promotes tissue remodeling[reference:26]. LL-37 also upregulates VEGF-A and TGF-β expression, accelerating the healing process in tissue injury models[reference:27].

Why Is LL-37 Studied in Switzerland?

Primarily, researchers study LL-37 because it represents the sole human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, enabling investigation of innate immunity, antimicrobial mechanisms, and immunomodulatory pathways[reference:28]. In fact, this compound offers a focused tool for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying host defense, inflammation regulation, and tissue repair.

Research has demonstrated LL-37’s relevance across multiple domains. The host defense activity of LL-37 is underscored by its expression throughout the body, spanning from epithelial cells of various organs—testis, skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract—to immune cells[reference:29]. LL-37 has garnered significant interest due to its potent antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antitumor properties[reference:30].

Furthermore, LL-37 has been studied for its therapeutic potential in chronic wounds, inflammatory bowel disease, periodontitis, and infectious diseases[reference:31]. The peptide’s ability to modulate cytokine responses and promote bacterial phagocytosis by immune cells underscores its immunomodulatory potential[reference:32]. Ultimately, researchers who buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland gain access to a comprehensive research tool for investigating innate immunity, antimicrobial host defense, and immunomodulatory pathways.

LL-37 Research Areas in Laboratory Studies

Research Area	Focus	Evidence Level
Antimicrobial Research	Broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi; biofilm inhibition	Mechanistic / In Vitro / In Vivo
Immunomodulation	Cytokine regulation, chemotaxis, TLR modulation, NETosis	Mechanistic / In Vitro / In Vivo
Wound Healing	Epithelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling	Preclinical
Innate Immunity	Host defense, LPS neutralization, endotoxin clearance	Mechanistic / In Vivo
Inflammatory Diseases	IBD, periodontitis, respiratory diseases, sepsis	Preclinical
Anti-Cancer Research	Anti-cancer properties, tumor microenvironment modulation	Emerging Research
Anti-Amyloidogenic Research	Amyloid-related disease modulation, protein aggregation	Emerging Research

LL-37 Compared With Related Research Compounds

Compound	Research Focus	Mechanism / Target	Key Difference
LL-37	Antimicrobial, immunomodulation, wound healing	Membrane disruption, LPS neutralization, receptor modulation	Sole human cathelicidin; 37-amino acid; pleiotropic host defense
BPC-157	Tissue healing, gastrointestinal protection	Growth factor modulation, angiogenesis	Different mechanism; no direct antimicrobial activity
KPV	Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation	MC1R/MC3R agonism, cytokine modulation	Different mechanism; no direct antimicrobial activity
Defensins (α/β)	Antimicrobial, host defense	Membrane disruption, receptor modulation	Different structural class; multiple human isoforms

Comparatively, LL-37 differs from other antimicrobial peptides in its unique status as the sole human cathelicidin and its pleiotropic host defense activities[reference:33]. On the one hand, LL-37 exerts direct antimicrobial effects through membrane disruption and biofilm inhibition. On the other hand, LL-37 functions as an immunomodulatory peptide, modulating cytokine responses, promoting chemotaxis, and neutralizing LPS[reference:34]. In contrast, defensins represent a different structural class of antimicrobial peptides with multiple human isoforms, while BPC-157 and KPV operate through mechanisms unrelated to antimicrobial activity.

Research Applications for LL-37 in Switzerland

Scientists have investigated LL-37 across several research domains:

• Antimicrobial Research: Researchers use LL-37 to study broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as biofilm inhibition and resistance mechanisms.
• Immunomodulation Studies: The peptide serves as a tool for investigating cytokine regulation, chemotaxis, TLR modulation, and NETosis in innate immune cells.
• Wound Healing Research: LL-37 has been studied for its ability to promote epithelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling in wound models.
• Innate Immunity Studies: The peptide is employed to investigate host defense mechanisms, LPS neutralization, and endotoxin clearance.
• Inflammatory Disease Research: Studies have examined LL-37’s role in inflammatory bowel disease, periodontitis, respiratory diseases, and sepsis.
• Anti-Cancer Research: Emerging studies have explored LL-37’s anti-cancer properties and its effects on the tumor microenvironment.

Evidently, researchers who buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland gain a valuable addition to any laboratory toolkit focused on innate immunity, antimicrobial research, and immunomodulatory pathways.

LL-37 Product Specifications

Specification	Details
Product Name	LL-37 (Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide)
Alternative Names	Cathelicidin LL-37, hCAP-18 (170-134), Cationic Antimicrobial Protein 18, LL37
Amount	5mg
Form	Lyophilized powder
Purity	Not verified (≥95-96% HPLC purity reported by some suppliers)
Amino Acid Sequence	H-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser-OH
Sequence (1-letter)	LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES
Peptide Length	37 amino acids
Molecular Formula	C₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃
Molecular Weight	Approximately 4,493 g/mol (varies by salt form)
CAS Number	154947-66-7
Source	Synthetic
Research Category	Immunity & Inflammation / Healing & Regeneration
Research Use	Laboratory research use only
CoA	Available upon request (not verified)
Storage	Lyophilized powder should be stored desiccated at -20°C or below, protected from light
Solubility	Soluble in water, DMSO, and buffered aqueous solutions

How to Evaluate LL-37 Quality for Research

When sourcing LL-37 peptide for laboratory research, researchers should consider several quality indicators:

• Identity Confirmation: Analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry should confirm the compound’s molecular weight (approximately 4,493 g/mol) and sequence (LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES).
• Purity Assessment: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) should verify purity, with ≥95% considered standard for research-grade material.
• Batch Traceability: Lot numbers and batch information enable researchers to track specific production runs.
• Certificate of Analysis: A CoA should accompany the product, detailing analytical testing results including HPLC purity and identity confirmation.
• Labeling Accuracy: Proper labeling should clearly indicate the product name, amount (5mg), sequence, molecular formula, CAS number, and storage recommendations.
• Storage Conditions: Appropriate storage at -20°C or below in desiccated, dark conditions helps maintain peptide stability.

Understanding the Certificate of Analysis

Typically, a Certificate of Analysis (CoA) accompanies research peptides and provides information about the specific batch’s analytical testing. For example, a CoA may include product identity confirmation, purity percentage as determined by HPLC, batch or lot number for traceability, analytical methods used (e.g., mass spectrometry, HPLC), and a physical description of the product.

Nevertheless, it is important to note that a CoA does not establish safety, efficacy, therapeutic effectiveness, or suitability for human use. Instead, it serves as a quality control document that helps researchers verify the identity and purity of the peptide they are using in their laboratory investigations.

Storage and Stability of LL-37

Core Peptides supplies LL-37 as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. To maintain stability and integrity:

• Store the lyophilized powder desiccated at -20°C or below for long-term storage
• Store at 4°C for short-term storage if frequent access is required
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles
• Weigh under dry conditions; the peptide is hygroscopic
• Reconstitute only immediately before use with appropriate sterile solvents (sterile water or buffered aqueous solutions)
• Inject solvent slowly against the inner wall of the vial; avoid vigorous agitation during dissolution
• Filter sterilize if required (e.g., 0.22 µm) immediately prior to use
• Aliquot and store reconstituted solutions at -20°C or below to minimize degradation
• Protect from light and moisture; prolonged exposure to light, elevated temperature, or aqueous environments may reduce stability

Frequently Asked Questions About Buying LL-37 5mg in Switzerland

What is LL-37?

Specifically, LL-37 is a synthetic 37-amino acid antimicrobial peptide and the sole human cathelicidin identified to date[reference:35]. It is a proteolytic fragment of the 18-kDa human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hCAP-18 and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties[reference:36].

What is LL-37 researched for?

Primarily, researchers study LL-37 for its role in innate immunity, antimicrobial host defense, and immunomodulation. Studies have investigated its effects on broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, LPS neutralization, cytokine regulation, angiogenesis, and wound healing[reference:37].

How does LL-37 work?

Mechanistically, LL-37 functions as a multifunctional host defense peptide that exerts direct antimicrobial effects through membrane disruption and biofilm inhibition, while also modulating immune responses through LPS neutralization, cytokine regulation, chemotaxis, and TLR modulation[reference:38][reference:39].

What is the amino acid sequence of LL-37?

The amino acid sequence is Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser (one-letter code: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES).

What is the molecular weight of LL-37?

The molecular weight is approximately 4,493 g/mol (varies by salt form).

What is the molecular formula of LL-37?

The molecular formula is C₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃.

What is the CAS number of LL-37?

The CAS number is 154947-66-7[reference:40][reference:41].

Is LL-37 synthetic?

Yes, LL-37 is a synthetic peptide produced through solid-phase peptide synthesis.

What is the source of LL-37?

LL-37 is derived from the C-terminal region of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hCAP-18, which is expressed in epithelial cells and leukocytes[reference:42][reference:43].

What research exists on LL-37?

Research on LL-37 includes studies demonstrating broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against over 38 bacteria, 16 fungi, and 16 viruses[reference:44], LPS neutralization and anti-endotoxin effects[reference:45], immunomodulatory and chemotactic activities[reference:46], angiogenic and wound-healing properties[reference:47], and anti-cancer and anti-amyloidogenic properties[reference:48].

Is LL-37 approved as a medicine?

No. Regulatory authorities have not approved LL-37 as a medicine, pharmaceutical, or therapeutic agent. It is a research tool for laboratory use only.

Is LL-37 intended for human use?

No. LL-37 is intended for laboratory research use only and is not for human consumption, injection, or therapeutic application.

Where can I buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland?

You can buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland from Core Peptides, a trusted research peptide supplier serving the Swiss scientific community.

How should researchers evaluate LL-37 quality?

Researchers should look for identity confirmation via mass spectrometry, purity data from HPLC, batch traceability, and a Certificate of Analysis.

Related Research Compounds

Researchers interested in LL-37 may also find the following related compounds relevant to their work:

• BPC-157 — A peptide researched for tissue healing, gastrointestinal protection, and angiogenesis.
• KPV — An anti-inflammatory peptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone researched for immunomodulation.
• TB-500 — A Thymosin Beta-4 fragment researched for tissue repair and wound healing.
• GHK-Cu — A copper-binding peptide researched for skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging applications.

Explore Immunity & Inflammation

LL-37 belongs to the Immunity & Inflammation category of research compounds. Immunity & Inflammation products are studied for their potential roles in inflammatory signaling, immune modulation, and host defense. Generally, researchers who buy LL-37 5mg in Switzerland often pair it with related compounds in this category to explore complementary pathways in immunology and inflammation research.

Explore Healing & Regeneration

Researchers studying tissue repair, wound healing, and regenerative mechanisms may also find relevant compounds in the Healing & Regeneration category. LL-37’s effects on angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling make it a valuable tool for investigating regenerative biology and wound healing[reference:49].

Further Research

For researchers seeking to deepen their understanding of LL-37 and its research applications, the following areas may warrant further investigation:

• The relationship between LL-37-mediated membrane disruption and specific downstream effects on bacterial killing and biofilm inhibition
• Comparative studies between LL-37 and other antimicrobial peptides in various infection and inflammation models
• The potential role of LL-37 in modulating the tumor microenvironment and anti-cancer immunity
• Mechanistic studies on LL-37’s interaction with TLRs, plasma membrane receptors, and its functional consequences for cytokine regulation[reference:50]
• Exploration of LL-37’s effects on different cell types and tissue systems beyond the immune system

Research Disclaimer

LL-37 is a research peptide supplied for laboratory research use only. Researchers must not use it for human consumption, injection, or any form of therapeutic application. Moreover, this product is not a medicine, pharmaceutical, or medical device. Furthermore, Swissmedic, the FDA, EMA, or any other regulatory authority have not approved it for human use. Researchers should consult Swissmedic for applicable regulations and guidance on research peptide handling in Switzerland.

Generally, the information provided on this page is for educational and scientific reference purposes only. Therefore, it does not constitute medical advice, treatment recommendations, or dosing instructions. Ultimately, researchers bear the responsibility for ensuring that their use of this product complies with all applicable laws, regulations, and institutional guidelines.

Finally, all research involving peptides should be conducted by qualified personnel in appropriate laboratory settings with proper safety protocols.